- clex
- May 1, 2024
Embarking on IoT and Infrastructure implementation module calls for understanding the pre-assessment questions and answers—a vital starting point for success. In WGU’s D337 module, this post zeroes in on these key questions, laying the groundwork for the objective assessment and enriching learners’ understanding. By tackling these important queries, we aim to simplify the learning process and equip students with valuable insights. Join us as we delve into these critical questions, providing clarity and enrichment for aspiring IoT and Infrastructure practitioners at WGU.
Question 01
A Edge compute
B Application
C Gateway
D Smart device
Correct answer:
C. Gateway
Description:
In IoT systems, gateways act as intermediaries between edge devices and the central IoT platform, facilitating the movement of collected data. Therefore, the correct answer is C: Gateway. Gateways play a crucial role in aggregating, preprocessing, and transmitting data from edge devices to the central platform, ensuring seamless communication. Edge compute (A) involves processing data closer to the source but doesn't directly address data movement. Applications (B) run on devices or servers but aren't specifically designed for data transmission. Smart devices (D) collect data but typically rely on gateways or other means for centralized data transfer. Thus, Gateway is the most appropriate choice for moving collected IoT data centrally.
Question 02
A Capturing Soil moisture metrics
B Processing Soil moisture metrics
C Activatingsprinklers based on low-soil-moisture metrics
D Transmitting Soil moisture metrics to a central network
Correct answer:
A Capturing Soil moisture metrics
Description:
In a smart agriculture ecosystem, soil moisture sensors, as indicated by option A, come to play the function of making the measurements of the soil moisture content precise. These sensors are buried in the soil for the purpose of providing vital data for agricultural management, health of crops, and for optimizing the resources. However, Options B and C are incorrect because soil moisture sensors in this case do not process or activate sprinklers by their values; instead, they just help to determine watering strategies which is an essential task. Option D is misleading because soil moisture sensors are utilizing local measurements and transmitting the data to the central collection network for subsequent processing and calculations. Hence, option A appropriately states the key objective of soil moisture sensors in a smart agricultural framework.
Question 03
A Gateway
B Actuator
C Application server
D Proxy server
Correct answer:
A. Gateway
Description:
In an IoT system, a gateway (as option A showed us) serves the function of transmitting the data from IoT sensory devices to a central network, hence acting as the intermediate between IoT devices and the central network. They are in charge of taking data from the numerous sensors, processing it if necessary and then transmitting it to the main network for analysis or storage. Suggested options B, C, and D are wrong because actuators manage physical operations, application servers run software programs, and proxy servers answer networking requests, hence they neither process nor transmit data from IoT sensors. Therefore, to fulfill this particular function, the best option is A.
Question 04
A Data analytics
B Data access
C Cloud computing
D Edge computing
Correct answer:
D. Edge Computing
Description:
Edge computing is a technique that involves local processing of data on the sensor devices or at the edge of the network where data is generated and not sending it to the central data center or the cloud directly. Through this method, data can be processed in real-time or near real-time, thereby reducing the latency and bandwidth consumption by filtering, aggregating, or preprocessing the data before it is sent to the backhaul network or cloud for further analysis or storage. Edge computing is especially applicable in environments that demand low latency, effective utilization of network bandwidth, or processing data in the source itself.
Question 05
A Actuator
B Gateway
C Processor
D Sensor
Correct answer:
D Sensor
Description:
Among all the objects in the Internet of Things architecture, the sensors collect raw physical measurements coming from a monitored object, as spelled out in option D. Sensors are the devices that detect and measure physical phenomena such as temperature, pressure or motion and convert these measurements into electrical signals or digital data. These sensors act as interfaces between the environment which is monitored and the inventive IoT system, extracting raw data that can be further refined, analyzed and passed on to the other locations where the IoT is set up. A, B, and C are incorrect because actuators control exposed physical processes, gateways are the sole entities responsible for bidirectional information-transfer, and processors handle the processing of processed data by the monitored entity. Therefore, while the OCD can be debilitating, it doesn't give me a sense of completeness. It rather leads me to make decisions thinking about the consequences of those actions that might result in adverse ones. Hence, option D is appropriate for such a function.
Question 06
A Provides limited local storage and processing capabilities
B Performs data aggregation and reduces transmission costs
C Performs measurements and provides telemetry
D Provides powerful storage and processing capabilities
Correct answer:
A. Provides limited local storage and processing capabilities
Description:
The correct answer is A: "Provides limited local storage and processing capabilities." In the four-node edge computing model, the customer edge device typically serves as the interface between the customer's local environment and the edge computing infrastructure. While it may not possess the extensive storage and processing capabilities of the edge nodes themselves, it provides essential functions such as local storage for immediate data caching, limited processing capabilities for preliminary data analysis or filtering, and serves as a gateway for data transmission between the local environment and the edge computing network. It acts as a bridge to facilitate efficient data transfer and co
Question 07
Correct answer:
A. x86 / C. ARM
Description:
In Customer Premises Edge Compute (C-PEC) devices, the two processor architectures commonly used are x86 and ARM, as correctly identified by options A and C. These architectures are prevalent in a wide range of computing devices, including edge computing devices like C-PEC. x86 processors, commonly found in traditional PCs and servers, offer strong performance and compatibility with a wide range of software applications. ARM processors, known for their energy efficiency and versatility, are frequently used in embedded systems and mobile devices. Options B and D, MIPS and Itanium, are less common in edge computing contexts compared to x86 and ARM architectures. Therefore, options A and C are the correct choices for processor architectures used by C-PEC devices.
Question 08
A Protocol adapter
B Information broker
C Rules engine
D Case specific
Correct answer:
B. Information broker
Description:
The information broker in edge computing framework holds the data from IoT sensors or from the cloud when the data arrives from sensors or cloud. It behaves as an intermediate between the sensors that send data and the applications, or services that consume that data. The broker role takes care of the effectiveness and security of the data storage, facilitating easy access of and retrieval for all the components in the edge computing system. This module is very important in the IoT system in that it arranges and manages the steadily growing number of data from IoT devices and also it performs the timely and effective edge processing and analysis.
Question 09
A Limit of battery life of one year
B Limit of data rate of 1 KB
C Support for FireWire protocol
D Support for line-of-sight communication
Correct answer:
D. Support for line-of-sight communication
Description:
In an IoT architecture, a wireless local area network (WLAN) is defined by the property of a line-of-sight communication. Which is correctly stated in Option D. The devices of WLAN make it possible to communicate wirelessly within a limited geographic area, employing low power radio frequencies. The communication by line-of- sight implies that wireless signals travel from one device to another without any barriers or interruptions. It is the basis of the secure surveillance and data transmission between the IoT devices and WLAN nodes with the constant connection established. There is no feature of WLANs in the IoT architectures option A, B or C provided, therefore the option which is most likely correct is D
Question 10
A Lower cost
B Longer range
C Higher data rate
D Shorter battery life
Correct answer:
B. Longer range
Description:
The correct answer is B: "Longer range." When switching from the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency above 1 GHz to the ISM frequency below 1 GHz, the result is a longer range. Lower frequencies, such as those below 1 GHz, tend to propagate better through obstacles and travel longer distances compared to higher frequencies. This increased propagation capability enables devices operating in the ISM frequency below 1 GHz to achieve longer communication ranges, making them suitable
Question 11
A Zigbee
B Bluetooth
C Sigfox
D Weightless
Correct answer:
A. Zigbee
Description:
Zigbee is a short-range network standard known for supporting mesh networks. A Zigbee mesh network allows each device to communicate with those devices in its vicinity and thus a mesh topology is formed. This, in turn, ensures data being relayed through various nodes if necessary, extending the range and therefore improving network coverage. Zigbee is popular in home automation, industrial automation and smart energy management where low power consumption and mesh networking are the bedrock.
Question 12
A Access network
B Gateway
C Sensor
D Edge device
Correct answer:
A. Access network /
B. Gateway
Description:
The last two nodes in an IoT design are: the access network (A) and the gateway (B). Gateways, act as the initial point of connection, ensure the transmission of data between IoT devices and the access network. In contrast to the gateways, IoT devices use the gateway as a bridge to the broader network infrastructure, creating a communication path between the sensor and the cloud or other systems. Sensors and edge devices as described in options C and D are IoT components that, unlike the connectivity component, operate at the outermost part gathering data from the physical environment before transitioning to the network. Hence, Options C and D should not be the suitable options for such a question.
Question 13
A Intelligent energy device (IED)
B Smart meter (SM)
C Power measurement and control (PMC)
D Phasor measurement unit (PMU)
Correct answer:
C. Power measurement and control (PMC)
Description:
The prime instrument that will measure and control the given parameters as in a smart energy solution in a university atmosphere will be a Power Measurement and Control (PMC) device. Sensors such as these are tailor-made to monitor and analyze power-related parameters in real-time so that they are perfect for acquiring energy users’ information and improving efficiency. Choice A, Intelligent Energy Devices (IEDs), are frequently employed in complicated industrial applications and they may be surplus to requirements in our college use case. One of the primary roles of the Smart Meters is consumption measurement and billing whereas PMU or the Phasor Measurement Unit is used in power system monitoring and control, specifically. This means that the Option C is the perfect selection for implementation of the smart energy solution by the university.
Question 14
A Power measurement and control (PMC)
B Smart meter (SM)
C Intelligent energy device (IED)
D Phasor measurement unit (PMU)
Correct answer:
B. Smart meter (SM)
Description:
For collecting power usage data in student dormitories for billing purposes within a smart energy solution, the most suitable device is a Smart Meter (Option B). Smart meters are specifically designed to measure electricity consumption in real-time, providing accurate data for billing and monitoring purposes. They enable the university to track energy usage at individual dormitories or even specific appliances, facilitating efficient billing processes and energy management. Power Measurement and Control (PMC, Option A) devices are more suited for broader power monitoring and control applications. Intelligent Energy Devices (IEDs, Option C) and Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs, Option D) are typically used in industrial or grid-scale energy systems, making them less suitable for dormitory-level energy monitoring and billing. Therefore, Option B is the most appropriate choice for the university's requirements.
Question 15
A GPS devices
B Smart CCTV cameras
C Smart meters
D Intraocular devices
Correct answer:
A. GPS devices /
B. Smart CCTV cameras
Description:
For an Intelligent Transport System (ITS) aimed at monitoring public transport locations, accidents, and congestion to effectively control traffic lights, two suitable items for gathering information are GPS devices (Option A) and Smart CCTV cameras (Option B). GPS devices provide real-time location data of public transport vehicles, allowing for accurate tracking and monitoring of their positions and movements. Smart CCTV cameras equipped with advanced image processing capabilities can capture live footage of traffic conditions, accidents, and congestion, providing visual information that aids in traffic management and control. Smart meters (Option C) are primarily used for monitoring energy consumption and are not directly relevant to traffic management systems. Intraocular devices (Option D) are medical implants and unrelated to transportation or traffic monitoring. Therefore, Options A and B are the appropriate choices for gathering information for the ITS.
Question 16
A Move meters to the front of every building
B Have another person verify the data from the meters
C Install a sensor on meters that can transmit data to a receiver
D Change the analog meters to a digital display
Correct answer:
C. Install a sensor on meters that can transmit data to a receiver
Description:
For the electric utility company aiming to enhance data collection speed and accuracy from meters located at the back of residential dwellings, the most suitable solution is Option C: Install a sensor on meters that can transmit data to a receiver. This solution enables automated data collection by installing sensors on the meters, allowing them to transmit readings wirelessly to a central receiver without the need for manual intervention. Moving meters to the front of buildings (Option A) may not be feasible or cost-effective. Having another person verify meter data (Option B) does not address the need for increased speed and accuracy. Changing analog meters to digital displays (Option D) improves readability but does not address the collection speed or accuracy issues. Therefore, Option C is the best choice for meeting both requirements effectively.
Question 17
A Humidity device
B Thermo device
C Smart speaker
D Smart light
Correct answer:
D. Smart light
Description:
In a smart building, the IoT device used to determine when rooms are in use is a Smart light (Option D). Smart lights can be equipped with sensors that detect motion or occupancy, allowing them to adjust lighting levels based on activity in the room. While humidity devices (Option A) and thermo devices (Option B) monitor environmental conditions, they do not directly detect room occupancy. Smart speakers (Option C) focus on voice commands and audio playback and do not inherently provide occupancy sensing capabilities. Therefore, Option D, the Smart light, is the correct choice for determining room usage in a smart building.
Question 18
A Camera
B Companion robot
C Air tag
D Compressor
Correct answer:
B. Companion robot
Description:
The IoT device that can improve emergency responses by monitoring user activities at home is a Companion robot (Option B). Companion robots are equipped with sensors and artificial intelligence algorithms that enable them to monitor user activities, detect anomalies, and even provide assistance in emergency situations such as falls or health emergencies. While cameras (Option A) can provide visual surveillance, they may not have the intelligence to interpret activities. Air tags (Option C) are typically used for tracking items, and compressors (Option D) are mechanical devices unrelated to monitoring user activities. Therefore, Option B, the Companion robot, is the correct choice for enhancing emergency responses through activity monitoring.
Question 19
A Humidity
B Light
C Vibration
D Motion
Correct answer:
D. Motion
Description:
The correct answer is D. Motion. Motion sensors built into electric bulbs detect movement in their vicinity, allowing them to turn on or off lights based on occupancy. By detecting motion and activating lights only when necessary, these sensors minimize energy usage by ensuring that lights are only on when needed. Options A (Humidity), B (Light), and C (Vibration) are not typically associated with energy-saving functions in electric bulbs. Therefore, option D, Motion, is the correct choice for minimizing energy usage through IoT detection sensors in electric bulbs.
Question 20
A Governance
B Privacy
C Security
D Standardization
Correct answer:
B. Privacy /
C. Security
Description:
Privacy considerations are crucial to address when adopting IoT, especially regarding the handling of personally identifiable information (PII). By implementing robust privacy measures, the company can mitigate the risk of exposing sensitive data, thereby safeguarding its reputation and minimizing potential financial impacts. Additionally, prioritizing security measures ensures the protection of IoT systems and data from unauthorized access or cyber threats, further enhancing the company's resilience and trustworthiness in the eyes of stakeholders. Options A (Governance) and D (Standardization) are also important but do not directly address the specific concerns related to PII exposure and its impact on stock value. Therefore, options B and C are the most relevant considerations for the adoption strategy.
Question 21
A Collects data from their sensors and shares it based on terms and conditions
B Builds applications that use data from various sources after obtaining consent
C Identifies risks by communicating with the data owner for risk management
D Maintains backups of the data collected from the sensors for disaster recovery
Correct answer:
B. Builds applications that use data from various sources after obtaining consent
Description:
An information consumer in an IoT ecosystem is responsible for building applications that utilize data from various sources, after obtaining consent. They analyze and utilize the data collected by sensors to develop applications or services that offer value to users or organizations. This process involves ensuring compliance with data privacy regulations and obtaining consent from data owners before accessing and using the data. Options A, C, and D describe tasks more closely associated with other roles within the IoT ecosystem, such as data providers, risk managers, and data custodians, respectively. Therefore, option B is the correct choice for an information consumer.
Question 22
A The batch layer is removed.
B The streaming layer is removed.
C The batch layer replaces the serving layer.
D The streaming player replaces the serving layer.
Correct answer:
A. The batch layer is removed.
Description:
While the transition renders the batch layer non-existent in the Kappa architecture of IoT cloud processing, the other layers remain intact. In Lambda architecture, data is fed to both batch and streaming layers by bringing historical data into the batch layer and current data into the streaming layer of the architecture. Nonetheless, a single streaming layer in the Kappa architecture can process data in both historical and real-time, hence, no batcha layer is believed. As a result, selection of option A is the right choice as it is in synchronization with the architecture change.
Question 23
A Real-time engine
B Batch engine
C Serving back-end
D Data storage
Correct answer:
A. Real-time engine
Description:
In Lambda architecture, the real-time engine acts as the streaming layer in streaming processing systems. This module is in charge of doing data streams analysis in real time and as a result provides possible immediate decisions or actions based on the incoming data. Real-time Engine guarantees that the data is processed as it arrives, facilitating low-latency and continuous analysis of streaming data in a simple manner. Hence, option A is the best alternative because it pinpoints the part that takes care of streaming data in the Lambda architecture.
Question 24
A Smart roads
B Smart home
C Sonography
D Wearables
Correct answer:
B. Smart home / D. Wearables
Description:
In the customer IoT landscape, networking requirements are influenced by various technology areas. Smart homes and wearables are two such areas that significantly impact networking requirements. Smart homes involve connecting various IoT devices within a household to a network for monitoring and control purposes, necessitating robust networking infrastructure to ensure seamless communication and data transfer. Similarly, wearables, such as fitness trackers and smartwatches, rely on network connectivity to transmit data to other devices or cloud platforms for analysis and storage. Therefore, options B (Smart home) and D (Wearables) accurately represent technology areas that affect networking requirements within the customer IoT landscape.
Question 25
A Unencrypted communications
B Default credentials
C Cleartext passwords
D Exposed sensors
Correct answer:
B. Default credentials
Description:
IoT botnets target IoT devices by taking advantage of these vulnerabilities, such as weak credentials and outdated default passwords. Many devices connected to IoT have the default usernames and passwords that hardly anyone changes. This makes those devices vulnerable to attacks by the malicious actors. Botnets might employ easy to obtain information off the internet including default login credentials, for compromising IoT devices and recruiting them into Botnet to perform diverse criminal activities like distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. So, attackers choose option B (Default credentials) to exploit IoT devices with IoT botnets.
Question 26
A Governments
B Universities
C Standards development bodies
D Law enforcement organizations
Correct answer:
A. Governments / C. Standards development bodies
Description:
In the IoT landscape, governments play a crucial role in setting regulations and standards to ensure security and privacy. They enforce legal frameworks to protect consumers and promote secure IoT practices. Standards development bodies also contribute by establishing industry-wide protocols and guidelines for secure IoT implementations. While universities and law enforcement organizations may have indirect roles in IoT security through research and enforcement, they are not primarily responsible for setting standards or regulations. Thus, the correct answers are A (Governments) and C (Standards development bodies). These entities actively shape the IoT security landscape by providing regulatory frameworks and industry standards, ensuring robust security practices across IoT ecosystems.
Question 27
A Devices are compromised to provide fake data
B Device hardware is attacked until destroyed
C Devices Are compromised to form botnets
D Device software is built into a sandbox environment
Correct answer:
A. Devices are compromised to provide fake data / C. Devices Are compromised to form botnets
Description:
Deploying insecurely configured IoT devices globally poses two significant risks. Firstly, compromised devices can provide false data, leading to inaccurate insights or actions. Secondly, these devices can be hijacked to form botnets, facilitating various malicious activities. Options B and D are less relevant; while device hardware attacks are possible, they're less common than software exploits. Deploying device software in a sandbox environment may mitigate risks but isn't directly tied to global deployment issues. Thus, options A and C are the most critical considerations for securing IoT deployments.
Question 28
A Macro
B Cross-site scripting
C Embedded software exploitation
D Botnet
Correct answer:
D. Botnet
Description:
Botnet malware infects the devices of the Internet of Things, making it possible to create a controlled network of devices without the knowledge of the owners. This botnet network allows hackers to use it for different criminal activities like launching the DDoS attacks and sending spam emails. A, B, and C may be various types of malware or vulnerabilities which do not directly indicate the development of the IoT devices as botnet malware does. Thus, choice D is the correct answer.
Question 29
A Default passwords
B Plaintext communication
C Stolen certificates
D Cloud storage
Correct answer:
A. Default passwords
Description:
The correct answer is A, Default passwords. Mirai malware exploits IoT devices with default or weak passwords, allowing it to infect them and turn them into botnets. Option B, plaintext communication, refers to unencrypted data transmission and is not directly related to Mirai malware infection. Options C and D, stolen certificates and cloud storage, are not typical vectors for Mirai malware infection. Therefore, default passwords represent the primary vulnerability exploited by Mirai malware, making option A the correct choice.
Question 30
A Device secure boot
B Credential management
C Physical security
D Application security
Correct answer:
A. Device secure boot /
C. Physical security
Description:
The correct answers are A, Device secure boot, and C, Physical security. Device secure boot ensures that only authenticated and trusted firmware is loaded during the boot process, preventing unauthorized firmware updates via the JTAG port. Physical security involves safeguarding the device against physical tampering, such as securing access to the JTAG port through physical barriers or tamper-evident seals. Option B, Credential management, pertains more to managing access credentials and user authentication, which is not directly related to protecting against firmware overwrite via the JTAG port. Option D, Application security, focuses on securing software applications running on the device, which may not directly address the vulnerability associated with the JTAG port. Therefore, options A and C are the most relevant guidelines for addressing this security concern.
Question 31
A Device secure boot
B Physical security
C Network connections
D Application security
Correct answer:
C. Network connections
Description:
The correct answer is C, Network connections. This guideline focuses on securing the communication between IoT devices and their gateways or other network endpoints. Implementing encryption and authentication mechanisms for the radio signal can help protect against sniffing attacks and unauthorized access. Option A, Device secure boot, ensures firmware integrity during boot, but doesn't directly address radio signal security. Option B, Physical security, safeguards hardware against tampering. Option D, Application security, secures software applications, which is important but doesn't directly address radio data transmission security. Therefore, option C is most relevant for securing radio data.
Question 32
A Cross-site scripting
B Distributed denial of service (DDoS)
C Spear phishing
D Structured Query Language (SQL) injection
Correct answer:
B. Distributed denial of service (DDoS)
Description:
The right option is D, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS). A DDoS attack occurs when a number of infected devices, such as those commonly part of a botnet, overload a target system or network with a significant volume of traffic that renders the system or network unusable by legitimate users. Cross-site scripting (option A) is the process of inserting malicious codes into pages that will be viewed by other users on the web. phishing emails (option C) is an email scam which uses a specific set of individuals or organizations as targets. SQL injection (option D) is a type of attack on a database through vulnerabilities in web applications. It allows an attacker to run any malicious SQL query they want. While in the context of the provided situation, the main target is to hinder the service accessibility via an avalanche of requests, similar to the aim of a DDoS attack.
Question 33
A Device secure boot
B Physical security
C Secure operating system
D Application security
Correct answer:
C. Secure operating system
Description:
Answer C is a secure operating system. This IoT device will firmly enforce an access-control of the operating system that will allow only the authorized users to open, modify and access the critical files in the system. Hence, this security guideline keeps the device filesystem secure from malignant overwritings, hacking or uploading so that the integrity and safety of data are always maintained. While Device secure boot (A) is all about resilience of the device's boot process, Physical access (B) targets the issue of the device's physical security, and Application security (D) is the solution for the applications security of the software the device runs. While in this example the focus is securing an OS to keep filesystem permissions functional, the major limitation is that there are no correction machineries available for the organizations when filesystem permissions are compromised.
Question 34
A Device secure boot
B Physical security
C Securing software updates
D Application security
Correct answer:
D. Application security
Description:
The correct response is D, Application security. Through the implementation of the Best Practice Guidelines (BPGs) for Application security by Internet of Things Security Foundation (IoTSF), the company can fully secure the personal data captured by IoT devices. These guidelines are focused on building application layer security within IoT devices to ensure confidential data are not intercepted during transmission and processing. Whilst Device secure boot (option A) attends to the integrity of the device's boot process, Physical security (option B) is concerned about the protection of the devices' physical access. Additionally, Securing software updates (option C) is about making sure the devices' software updates are secured. On the other hand, Application security serves the sole purpose of safeguarding any kind of personal data transacted by the IoT devices.
Question 35
A Code of Practice
B Best Practice Guidelines
C Human-in-the-loop
D Internet of Bodies
Correct answer:
A. Code of Practice / B. Best Practice Guidelines
Question 36
A Alter the port the devices use to communicate
B Scan for unusual packets being sent to the devices
C Change the devices
D Install a firewall limiting communication to the devices
Correct answer:
C. Change the devices
Description:
The correct answers are A, Code of Practice, and B, Best Practice Guidelines. These resources offer industry-recommended practices for enhancing security in IoT devices like smart speakers. The Code of Practice provides standards for IoT security, including guidelines for secure boot processes and operating system security. Similarly, Best Practice Guidelines offer detailed recommendations tailored to IoT security, covering areas like secure boot procedures and robust OS security configurations. Options C and D, Human-in-the-loop and Internet of Bodies, respectively, are not directly related to the company's goal of improving smart speaker security.
Question 37
A Mega-merger method
B Agreed consensus mechanism
C Shared storage quorum
D Byzantine Paxos algorithm
Correct answer:
B. Agreed consensus mechanism
Description:
Blockchain implements an Agreed consensus mechanism to ensure reliable data retrieval when multiple sensors measure the same data. This mechanism ensures that all participants in the blockchain network reach an agreement on the validity of the data through a decentralized process. Options A, C, and D do not accurately describe the consensus mechanism used in blockchain technology.
Question 38
A Decentralization
B Immutability
C Auditability
D Resilience
Correct answer:
B. Immutability
Description:
In a blockchain implementation, an abiding feature which guarantees that a transaction is unchangeable after a verification is immutability. "Immutability" guarantees that once a transaction is entered and registered on the blockchain as a valid one, it cannot be altered or manipulated retrospectively, and, as a consequence, the transaction's history remains unadulterated throughout the period. None of choices A, C, and D deal with the fact that the outcome of transactions which have been confirmed cannot be manipulated.
Question 39
A Ensuring that data from each sensor is treated equally
B Providing a single version of the truth across all sensor data
C Identifying a single sensor with the most accurate data
D Verifying data from sensors by a central authority
Correct answer:
B. Providing a single version of the truth across all sensor data
Description:
The purpose of the consensus mechanism enabled through blockchain when collecting the same signals from multiple IoT sensors is to provide a single version of the truth across all sensor data. By achieving consensus among the network participants, blockchain ensures that all transactions or data entries are validated and agreed upon by the network, creating a shared and immutable record of information. This helps in maintaining data integrity and establishing trust among the participants by eliminating the need for a central authority to verify data from sensors individually (Option D). Options A and C do not fully capture the role of the consensus mechanism in blockchain.
Question 40
A Accessing and using data
B Building applications to store data
C Control and property rights of data
D Diagnostics of data quality
Correct answer:
A. Accessing and using data /
C. Control and property rights of data
Description:
When collecting data through IoT, two categories of ethical concern include accessing and using data (Option A) and control and property rights of data (Option C). Accessing and using data raise questions about privacy, consent, and the potential misuse of collected information. Control and property rights of data involve issues related to ownership, governance, and the fair distribution of benefits derived from the data. Building applications to store data (Option B) and diagnostics of data quality (Option D) are not directly related to ethical concerns but rather operational considerations in managing data.
Question 41
A Mishandling stored user information will lead to privacy issues.
B Securing stored user information will affect the garage door sensor functionality.
C Connecting the garage door sensor to private networks will affect stored data.
D Caching garage door sensor data at the edge will lead to governance issues.
Correct answer:
A. Mishandling stored user information will lead to privacy issues.
Description:
When storing user information collected by the garage door sensor, the primary concern for the company should be the mishandling of stored user information, leading to privacy issues (Option A). This includes ensuring that the data is securely stored and protected from unauthorized access or misuse, in compliance with privacy regulations and user consent requirements. While securing stored user information is crucial, it should not directly affect the functionality of the garage door sensor (Option B) or the connectivity options (Option C). Caching data at the edge (Option D) may introduce governance challenges but is not directly related to the storage of user information.
Question 42
A Utilizing freedom of expression at the expense of their privacy
B Determining who can purchase their demographic information
C Ensuring personally identifiable information being stored is secure
D Making sure information is not saved locally in plain text
Correct answer:
A. Utilizing freedom of expression at the expense of their privacy
Description:
When utilizing social media platforms from their wearable IoT devices to update people about activities, customers encounter the ethical issue of utilizing freedom of expression at the expense of their privacy (Option A). This involves the trade-off between sharing personal information or activities publicly for expression purposes and the potential invasion of privacy that comes with disclosing such information to a wider audience. Options B, C, and D address different aspects of privacy and data security but are not directly related to the act of expressing oneself through wearable IoT devices on social media platforms.
Question 43
A Integrity must remain a high priority.
B Confidentiality of all data is mandatory.
C Privacy is a fundamental human right.
D Availability is essential for data transfer.
Correct answer:
C. Privacy is a fundamental human right.
Description:
The argument that only people should be able to sell their information and not the IoT company supports the principle that privacy is a fundamental human right (Option C). This principle emphasizes the importance of individuals having control over their personal information and being able to make decisions about how it is collected, used, and shared. By advocating for individuals' rights to control the sale of their own information, the argument aligns with the broader ethical concern of respecting individuals' privacy and autonomy. Options A, B, and D address different aspects of data security and integrity but do not directly relate to the control and ownership of personal information.
Question 44
A Fifth Amendment
B De Identification
C Decisional privacy
D Safe harbor
Correct answer:
C. Decisional privacy
Description:
The manufacturer pressuring a company to use its proprietary IoT technology is infringing on decisional privacy (Option C). Decisional privacy refers to an individual's right to make autonomous decisions without external interference or coercion. In this scenario, the manufacturer's pressure undermines the company's ability to freely choose the technology that best suits its needs without undue influence. Options A, B, and D are not directly related to the concept of decisional privacy. The Fifth Amendment pertains to protection against self-incrimination, de identification relates to anonymizing data, and safe harbor typically refers to legal protections or exemptions.
Question 45
A National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Privacy Framework
B National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework
C Software Alliance Framework for Security Software (SAFSS)
D “Regulators, Facilitators, and Collaborators (RFC) Framework”
Correct answer:
D. "Regulators, Facilitators, and Collaborators (RFC) Framework"
Description:
The correct answer is D. "Regulators, Facilitators, and Collaborators (RFC) Framework." This framework focuses on identifying factors that influence investments. Options A and B, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Privacy Framework and the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, respectively, primarily address privacy and cybersecurity concerns. Option C, the Software Alliance Framework for Security Software (SAFSS), is not a recognized framework.
Question 46
A Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
B Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
C Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
D Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Correct answer:
C. Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
Description:
The FTC is an organization that is responsible for imposing penalties on U.S. companies that do not have sufficient information security measures. In contrast with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which specialize in other regulatory practices, the FTC concentrates on cybersecurity standards. It is an integral function that helps companies emphasize on cyber-security to safeguard customer data and preserve faith in the digital market via the internet.
Question 47
A Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
B Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
C Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
D Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Correct answer:
C. Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
Description:
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) publishes the Cybersecurity Framework (CSF), which is a reference tool for addressing cyber threats by developing cybersecurity risk management capabilities across different organizations. Different from FCC, FTC, and ANSI that focus on different things, NIST develops standards and guidelines that help the safety and stability of information systems and infrastructure.
Question 48
A EU Network and Information Security Directive
B General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
C G7 Declaration on Responsible States Behavior in Cyberspace
D Fair Information Practice Principles (FIPP)
Correct answer:
C G7 Declaration on Responsible States Behavior in Cyberspace
Description:
This mechanism is intended to ensure that IoT devices under the control of the country do not get used to the violation of other countries. In comparison, the European Union Network and Information Security Directive and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) mainly approach data protection and cybersecurity within Europe. And the Fair Information Practice Principles (FIPP) look into the privacy issues of data collection and processing. So Answer C is correct.
Question 49
A By identifying the brand of products purchased at the market and online
B By tracking compliance with prescribed social and economic obligations
C By calculatingthe personal time taken off from work activities
D By verifying the number of family members living in a residence
Correct answer:
B. By tracking compliance with prescribed social and economic obligations
Description:
IoT devices are utilized by the Chinese government to monitor and ensure citizens' adherence to various social and economic responsibilities, such as compliance with regulations, policies, and obligations set by the government. This may include monitoring activities related to work, social behavior, financial transactions, and other aspects of daily life to enforce social credit systems and maintain societal order. The other options mentioned may not directly relate to the extensive monitoring and surveillance conducted by IoT devices for governmental purposes in China.
Question 50
A Centralized server
B Edge computing
C Peer-to-peer network
D Meshed network
Correct answer:
B. Edge computing
Description:
In the context of a self-driving car generating substantial data, edge computing is the suitable component for analysis. Edge computing involves processing data near the source of data generation, which in this case would be the car itself. Analyzing data at the edge reduces latency and bandwidth usage by processing data closer to where it's generated, enabling real-time decision-making without relying solely on a centralized server. Peer-to-peer and meshed networks typically focus on communication and data sharing among distributed devices rather than data analysis.
Question 51
A Car prices
B Congestion
C Car ownership
D Emissions
Correct answer:
B. Congestion / C. Car ownership
Description:
Widespread usage of autonomous vehicles (AVs) is expected to lead to reductions in congestion and emissions. AVs can optimize traffic flow, reduce accidents, and enhance route efficiency, potentially decreasing congestion. Additionally, AVs are often electric or hybrid, leading to lower emissions compared to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. However, car prices and car ownership may not necessarily decrease due to the advanced technology and initial investment required for AVs, and individual preferences for car ownership may persist despite the rise of AVs.
Question 52
A Data agent
B Data handling unit
C Network data aggregator
D Central data store
Correct answer:
C Network data aggregator
Description:
The component of the system that should be used to capture the data from the intensive care unit (ICU) sensors for analysis in a database is the Network data aggregator. This device collects data from various sources, such as sensors, and aggregates it before forwarding it to the central recording system or database for further processing and analysis. It ensures efficient and organized data transfer, enabling real-time monitoring and analysis of critical patient information in the hospital's ICU environment.
Question 53
A True positives
B True negatives
C False positives
D False negatives
Correct answer:
A. True positives
Description:
In the context of monitoring high-risk patients through IoT devices in a hospital unit, true positives identify actual emergencies. A true positive occurs when the monitoring system correctly detects and alerts healthcare providers about a genuine emergency or critical situation requiring immediate attention. This ensures timely intervention and appropriate care for patients, helping to mitigate risks and improve patient outcomes.
Question 54
A Eliminates the need to tamper with ICU sensors
B Introduces the need to tamper with ICU sensors
C Provides automatic access of patients’ data to researchers
D Transitions ownership of patients
Correct answer:
A. Eliminates the need to tamper with ICU sensors
Description:
The primary implication of using legacy sensors to collect patient data in a hospital is that it introduces the need to tamper with ICU sensors. Legacy sensors may lack modern security features and protocols, making them more vulnerable to tampering or exploitation by unauthorized individuals. This poses significant risks to patient data privacy, system integrity, and overall healthcare security. Therefore, hospitals must invest in modern and secure IoT solutions to mitigate these risks and ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of patient information.
Question 55
A To monitor devices and cache information about daily consumption
B To validate device identity to the gateway without mining operations
C To verify the identity of a device with the OAuth2.0 service
D To locate devices that provide a specific utility with OpenId Connect
Correct answer:
A. To monitor devices and cache information about daily consumption
Description:
The vMCM function is installed to monitor devices and cache information about daily consumption. In an IoT 5G smart grid, the virtual machine cloud machine (vMCM) function plays a crucial role in collecting data from various IoT devices deployed within the grid infrastructure. By monitoring devices and caching information about daily consumption patterns, the vMCM function enables the efficient management and optimization of energy resources, contributing to the overall resiliency and performance of the power grid. This function helps utilities make data-driven decisions, anticipate demand fluctuations, and ensure reliable and sustainable energy delivery to consumers.
Question 56
A Capital expenditure
B Customer turnover
C Operational costs
D Power outages
Correct answer:
C. Operational costs
Description:
The operation costs are lowered due to the conversion to a state of the art Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). Implementation of an AMI is a tool which can empower utility companies to create efficiencies in operations, resource mobilization, and general resource management in the energy distribution networks. As utilities progress with the advanced metering infrastructures, which have automated data collection, remote monitoring and less manual interventions, the expenses involved in the maintenance would be significantly reduced and system reliability would be enhanced. As a result of this transformation, utility companies become more efficient than before, causing a decrease in operating costs and a rise in the quality of their services.
Question 57
A Virtual mobility management entity (vMME)
B Virtual authentication, authorization, and accounting (vAAA)
C Virtual machine cloud machine (vMCM)
D Virtual blockchain processing (vBCP)
Correct answer:
D. Virtual blockchain processing (vBCP)
Description:
Virtual Blockchain Processing (vBCP) will fulfill the power company's demand of digital ledger functionality in terms of integrating it within the 5G-enabled AMIaaS (Advanced Metering Infrastructure as a Service) architectural framework. Employing vBCP, the company may thus take full advantage of this blockchain technology for a secured and transparent ledger system for recording as well as accounting of all these energy-related transactions and data exchanges within the network. Hence, imperviousness and trustworthiness are attained through unchangeable and un-manipulated records-keeping, which in turn will develop data integrity and trust of the key stakeholders involved in energy administration and distribution.
Question 58
Correct answer:
B. Safety /
C. Efficiency
Description:
The major goals of the World Bank Sustainable Mobility for All (SuM4All) project essentially focus on the safety and efficiency of the urban transport systems. Through the creation of safety measures that minimize road accidents and protect pedestrians safety, the scheme aims at bringing about safer commuting and walking environments. It aims to increase the effectiveness of transportation networks by organizing traffic flow, decreasing traffic jams, and making public transportations options easily reachable. These programs develop a sustainable and inclusive urban mobility solution, which also engages SuM4All initiative goals.
Question 59
A Efficiency
B Green mobility
C Safety
D Universal access
Correct answer:
A. Efficiency
Description:
Through applying sensors which are equipped with computer vision intelligence to find parking spaces for drivers, we realize the purpose which efficiency corresponds with the World Bank Sustainable Mobility for All (SuM4All) initiative. Smart tech enables drivers to locate available parking spaces faster, which in turn enhances the overall transport efficiency, helping the town to cope better with it. Furthermore, it helps in the efficient employment of the city's infrastructure and resources as a part of the plan for environmentally responsible and productive mobility.
Question 60
A Gateway device
B Access network
C Machine learning
D Artificial intelligence
Correct answer:
C. Machine learning / D. Artificial intelligence
Description:
Machine learning and artificial intelligence could be used to complement Internet of Things (IoT) sensors in pollution areas that lack them. With the aid of historical data, machine intelligence algorithms are able to grasp and predict air quality related patterns and levels of pollutants. Said AI techniques, for example, predictive modeling and optimization algorithms, may be used to work out strategies for mitigating and curbing pollution. These technologies, having data-driven decision-making ability and the capability of targeting interventions aimed at the betterment of air quality and pollution levels, make up for lack of the conventional networks of IoT sensors where they may not be or are of limited access.